Chapter 3
Ruth’s Redemption Assured
1
One day Ruth’s mother-in-law Naomi said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a resting place for you, that it may be well with you?
𐤇𐤌𐤅𐤕𐤄 𐤍𐤏𐤌𐤉 𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤋𐤄 𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤄𐤋𐤀 𐤀𐤁𐤒𐤔 𐤌𐤍𐤅𐤇 𐤋𐤊 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤉𐤉𐤈𐤁 𐤋𐤊
חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ נָעֳמִ֣י וַתֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖הּ בִּתִּ֞י הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ מָנ֖וֹחַ לָ֛ךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־ לָֽךְ׃ ḥă·mō·w·ṯāh nā·‘o·mî wat·tō·mer lāh bit·tî hă·lō ’ă·ḇaq·qeš- mā·nō·w·aḥ lāḵ ’ă·šer yî·ṭaḇ- lāḵ — WLC · 1
2
Now is not Boaz, with whose servant girls you have been [working], a relative of ours? In fact, tonight he is winnowing barley on the threshing floor.
𐤅𐤏𐤕𐤄 𐤄𐤋𐤀 𐤁𐤏𐤆 𐤀𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤍𐤏𐤓𐤅𐤕𐤉𐤅 𐤄𐤉𐤉𐤕 𐤌𐤃𐤏𐤕𐤍𐤅 𐤄𐤍𐤄 𐤄𐤋𐤉𐤋𐤄 𐤄𐤅𐤀 𐤆𐤓𐤄 𐤀𐤕 𐤄𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤂𐤓𐤍
וְעַתָּ֗ה הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֙עַז֙ אֶת־ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו הָיִ֖ית מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ הִנֵּה־ הַלָּֽיְלָה׃ ה֗וּא זֹרֶ֛ה אֶת־ הַשְּׂעֹרִ֖ים גֹּ֥רֶן wə·‘at·tāh hă·lō ḇō·‘az ’eṯ- ’ă·šer na·‘ă·rō·w·ṯāw hā·yîṯ mō·ḏa‘·tā·nū hin·nêh- hal·lā·yə·lāh hū zō·reh ’eṯ- haś·śə·‘ō·rîm gō·ren — WLC · 2
3
Therefore wash yourself, put on perfume, and wear your best clothes… Go down to the threshing floor, but do not let the man know you are there until he has finished eating and drinking.
𐤅𐤓𐤇𐤑𐤕 𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤕 𐤅𐤔𐤌𐤕 𐤔𐤌𐤋𐤕𐤊 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤊 𐤅𐤉𐤓𐤃𐤕𐤉 𐤄𐤂𐤓𐤍 𐤀𐤋 𐤋𐤀𐤉𐤔 𐤕𐤅𐤃𐤏𐤉 𐤏𐤃 𐤊𐤋𐤕𐤅 𐤋𐤀𐤊𐤋 𐤅𐤋𐤔𐤕𐤅𐤕
וְרָחַ֣צְתְּ׀ וָסַ֗כְתְּ וְשַׂ֧מְתְּ שִׂמְלֹתֵךְ עָלַ֖יִךְ וְיָרַדְתִּי הַגֹּ֑רֶן אַל־ לָאִ֔ישׁ תִּוָּדְעִ֣י עַ֥ד כַּלֹּת֖וֹ לֶאֱכֹ֥ל וְלִשְׁתּֽוֹת׃ wə·rā·ḥaṣt wā·saḵt wə·śamt śim·lō·ṯēḵ ‘ā·la·yiḵ wə·yå̄·raḏ·tī hag·gō·ren ’al- lā·’îš tiw·wā·ḏə·‘î ‘aḏ kal·lō·ṯōw le·’ĕ·ḵōl wə·liš·tō·wṯ — WLC · 3
4
- When he lies down, note the place where he lies… Then go in and uncover his feet, and lie down, and he will explain to you what you should do.”
𐤅𐤉𐤄𐤉 𐤁𐤔𐤊𐤁𐤅 𐤅𐤉𐤃𐤏𐤕 𐤀𐤕 𐤄𐤌𐤒𐤅𐤌 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤉𐤔𐤊𐤁 𐤔𐤌 𐤅𐤁𐤀𐤕 𐤅𐤂𐤋𐤉𐤕 𐤌𐤓𐤂𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤅 𐤅𐤔𐤊𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤅𐤄𐤅𐤀 𐤉𐤂𐤉𐤃 𐤋𐤊 𐤀𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤕𐤏𐤔𐤉𐤍
וִיהִ֣י בְשָׁכְב֗וֹ וְיָדַ֙עַתְּ֙ אֶת־ הַמָּקוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִשְׁכַּב־ שָׁ֔ם וּבָ֛את וְגִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו וְשָׁכָבְתִּי וְהוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂין׃ wî·hî ḇə·šā·ḵə·ḇōw wə·yā·ḏa·‘at ’eṯ- ham·mā·qō·wm ’ă·šer yiš·kaḇ- šām ū·ḇāṯ wə·ḡil·lîṯ mar·gə·lō·ṯāw wə·šå̄·ḵå̄·ḇə·tī wə·hū yag·gîḏ lāḵ ’êṯ ’ă·šer ta·ʿa·śīn — WLC · 4
5
“I will do everything you say,” [Ruth] answered -.
𐤀𐤏𐤔𐤄 𐤊𐤋 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓𐤉 𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤀𐤋𐤉𐤄
אֶֽעֱשֶֽׂה׃ כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־ תֹּאמְרִ֥יֵַ֖ וַתֹּ֖אמֶר אֵלֶ֑יהָ ’e·‘ĕ·śeh kōl ’ă·šer- tō·mə·ri·ya wat·tō·mer ’ê·le·hā — WLC · 5
6
So she went down to the threshing floor and did everything her mother-in-law had instructed her [to do].
𐤅𐤕𐤓𐤃 𐤄𐤂𐤓𐤍 𐤅𐤕𐤏𐤔 𐤊𐤊𐤋 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤇𐤌𐤅𐤕𐤄 𐤑𐤅𐤕𐤄
וַתֵּ֖רֶד הַגֹּ֑רֶן וַתַּ֕עַשׂ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־ חֲמוֹתָֽהּ׃ צִוַּ֖תָּה wat·tê·reḏ hag·gō·ren wat·ta·‘aś kə·ḵōl ’ă·šer- ḥă·mō·w·ṯāh ṣiw·wat·tāh — WLC · 6
7
After Boaz had finished eating and drinking and was in good spirits…, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of grain. Then [Ruth] went in secretly…, uncovered his feet, and lay down.
𐤁𐤏𐤆 𐤅𐤉𐤀𐤊𐤋 𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤕 𐤅𐤉𐤉𐤈𐤁 𐤋𐤁𐤅 𐤅𐤉𐤁𐤀 𐤋𐤔𐤊𐤁 𐤁𐤒𐤑𐤄 𐤄𐤏𐤓𐤌𐤄 𐤅𐤕𐤁𐤀 𐤁𐤋𐤈 𐤅𐤕𐤂𐤋 𐤌𐤓𐤂𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤅 𐤅𐤕𐤔𐤊𐤁
בֹּ֤עַז וַיֹּ֨אכַל וַיֵּשְׁתְּ֙ וַיִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔וֹ וַיָּבֹ֕א לִשְׁכַּ֖ב בִּקְצֵ֣ה הָעֲרֵמָ֑ה וַתָּבֹ֣א בַלָּ֔ט וַתְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו וַתִּשְׁכָּֽב׃ bō·‘az way·yō·ḵal way·yê·šət way·yî·ṭaḇ lib·bōw way·yā·ḇō liš·kaḇ biq·ṣêh hā·‘ă·rê·māh wat·tā·ḇō ḇal·lāṭ wat·tə·ḡal mar·gə·lō·ṯāw wat·tiš·kāḇ — WLC · 7
8
- At midnight…, Boaz was startled, turned over, and there lying at his feet was a woman!
𐤅𐤉𐤄𐤉 𐤁𐤇𐤑𐤉 𐤄𐤋𐤉𐤋𐤄 𐤄𐤀𐤉𐤔 𐤅𐤉𐤇𐤓𐤃 𐤅𐤉𐤋𐤐𐤕 𐤅𐤄𐤍𐤄 𐤔𐤊𐤁𐤕 𐤌𐤓𐤂𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤅 𐤀𐤔𐤄
וַיְהִי֙ בַּחֲצִ֣י הַלַּ֔יְלָה הָאִ֖ישׁ וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד וַיִּלָּפֵ֑ת וְהִנֵּ֣ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו׃ אִשָּׁ֔ה way·hî ba·ḥă·ṣî hal·lay·lāh hā·’îš way·ye·ḥĕ·raḏ way·yil·lā·p̄êṯ wə·hin·nêh šō·ḵe·ḇeṯ mar·gə·lō·ṯāw ’iš·šāh — WLC · 8
9
“Who are you?” he asked. “I [am] your servant Ruth,” she replied. “Spread the corner of your garment over me, for you are a kinsman-redeemer.
𐤌𐤉 𐤀𐤕 𐤅𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤀𐤍𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤌𐤕𐤊 𐤓𐤅𐤕 𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤅𐤐𐤓𐤔𐤕 𐤊𐤍𐤐𐤊 𐤏𐤋 𐤀𐤌𐤕𐤊 𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤕𐤄 𐤂𐤀𐤋
מִי־ אָ֑תּ וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אָנֹכִי֙ אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ ר֣וּת וַתֹּ֗אמֶר וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֙ךָ֙ עַל־ אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ כִּ֥י אָֽתָּה׃ גֹאֵ֖ל mî- ʾå̄t way·yō·mer ’ā·nō·ḵî ’ă·mā·ṯe·ḵā rūṯ wat·tō·mer ū·p̄ā·raś·tā ḵə·nā·p̄e·ḵā ‘al- ’ă·mā·ṯə·ḵā kî ’āt·tāh ḡō·’êl — WLC · 9
10
Then [Boaz] said, “May the LORD bless you, my daughter. You have shown more kindness now than before, because you have not run after the younger men, whether rich or poor.
𐤅𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤋𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 𐤁𐤓𐤅𐤊𐤄 𐤀𐤕 𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤄𐤉𐤈𐤁𐤕 𐤇𐤎𐤃𐤊 𐤄𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤅𐤍 𐤌𐤍 𐤄𐤓𐤀𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤋𐤁𐤋𐤕𐤉 𐤋𐤊𐤕 𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤉 𐤄𐤁𐤇𐤅𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤌 𐤏𐤔𐤉𐤓 𐤅𐤀𐤌 𐤃𐤋
וַיֹּ֗אמֶר לַֽיהוָה֙ בְּרוּכָ֨ה אַ֤תְּ בִּתִּ֔י הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־ הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן לְבִלְתִּי־ לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ הַבַּ֣חוּרִ֔ים אִם־ עָשִֽׁיר׃ וְאִם־ דַּ֖ל way·yō·mer Yah·weh bə·rū·ḵāh ’at bit·tî hê·ṭaḇt ḥas·dêḵ hā·’a·ḥă·rō·wn min- hā·ri·šō·wn lə·ḇil·tî- le·ḵeṯ ’a·ḥă·rê hab·ba·ḥū·rîm ’im- ‘ā·šîr wə·’im- dal — WLC · 10
11
And now do not be afraid, my daughter. I will do for you whatever you request, since all my fellow townspeople… know that you are a woman of noble character.
𐤅𐤏𐤕𐤄 𐤀𐤋 𐤕𐤉𐤓𐤀𐤉 𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤀𐤏𐤔𐤄 𐤋𐤊 𐤊𐤋 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓𐤉 𐤊𐤉 𐤊𐤋 𐤏𐤌𐤉 𐤔𐤏𐤓 𐤉𐤅𐤃𐤏 𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤕 𐤇𐤉𐤋
וְעַתָּ֗ה אַל־ תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י בִּתִּי֙ אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־ לָּ֑ךְ כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־ תֹּאמְרִ֖י כִּ֤י כָּל־ עַמִּ֔י שַׁ֣עַר יוֹדֵ֙עַ֙ כִּ֛י אָֽתְּ׃ אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל wə·‘at·tāh ’al- tî·rə·’î bit·tî ’e·‘ĕ·śeh- lāḵ kōl ’ă·šer- tō·mə·rî kî kāl- ‘am·mî ša·‘ar yō·w·ḏê·a‘ kî ’āt ’ê·šeṯ ḥa·yil — WLC · 11
12
- Yes, it is true that I [am] a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a redeemer nearer than I.
𐤅𐤏𐤕𐤄 𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤌𐤍𐤌 𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤍𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤌 𐤂𐤀𐤋 𐤅𐤂𐤌 𐤉𐤔 𐤂𐤀𐤋 𐤒𐤓𐤅𐤁 𐤌𐤌𐤍𐤉
וְעַתָּה֙ כִּ֣י אָמְנָ֔ם כִּ֥י אָנֹ֑כִי אם גֹאֵ֖ל וְגַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי׃ wə·‘at·tāh kî ’ā·mə·nām kî ’ā·nō·ḵî m ḡō·’êl wə·ḡam yêš gō·’êl qā·rō·wḇ mim·men·nî — WLC · 12
13
Stay here tonight…,… and in the morning, if he wants to redeem you, good. Let him redeem you. But if he does not want to redeem you, as surely as the LORD lives, I will. Now lie here until morning.”
𐤋𐤉𐤍𐤉 𐤄𐤋𐤉𐤋𐤄 𐤅𐤄𐤉𐤄 𐤁𐤁𐤒𐤓 𐤀𐤌 𐤉𐤂𐤀𐤋𐤊 𐤈𐤅𐤁 𐤉𐤂𐤀𐤋 𐤅𐤀𐤌 𐤋𐤀 𐤉𐤇𐤐𐤑 𐤋𐤂𐤀𐤋𐤊 𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 𐤇𐤉 𐤀𐤍𐤊𐤉 𐤅𐤂𐤀𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤊 𐤔𐤊𐤁𐤉 𐤏𐤃 𐤄𐤁𐤒𐤓
לִ֣ינִי׀ הַלַּ֗יְלָה וְהָיָ֤ה בַבֹּ֙קֶר֙ אִם־ יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ טוֹב֙ יִגְאָ֔ל וְאִם־ לֹ֨א יַחְפֹּ֧ץ לְגָֽאֳלֵ֛ךְ יְהוָ֑ה חַי־ אָנֹ֖כִי וּגְאַלְתִּ֥יךְ שִׁכְבִ֖י עַד־ הַבֹּֽקֶר׃ lî·nî hal·lay·lāh wə·hā·yāh ḇab·bō·qer ’im- yiḡ·’ā·lêḵ ṭō·wḇ yiḡ·’āl wə·’im- lō yaḥ·pōṣ lə·ḡā·’o·lêḵ Yah·weh ḥay- ’ā·nō·ḵî ū·ḡə·’al·tîḵ šiḵ·ḇî ‘aḏ- hab·bō·qer — WLC · 13
14
So she lay down at his feet until morning, but she got up before anyone else could recognize her. Then Boaz said, “Do not let it be known that a woman came to the threshing floor.”
𐤅𐤕𐤔𐤊𐤁 𐤌𐤓𐤂𐤋𐤕𐤅 𐤏𐤃 𐤄𐤁𐤒𐤓 𐤅𐤕𐤒𐤌 𐤁𐤈𐤓𐤅𐤌 𐤀𐤉𐤔 𐤀𐤕 𐤓𐤏𐤄𐤅 𐤉𐤊𐤉𐤓 𐤅𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤀𐤋 𐤉𐤅𐤃𐤏 𐤊𐤉 𐤄𐤀𐤔𐤄 𐤁𐤀𐤄 𐤄𐤂𐤓𐤍
וַתִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מַרְגְּלֹתָו עַד־ הַבֹּ֔קֶר וַתָּ֕קָם בִּטְרוֹם אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־ רֵעֵ֑הוּ יַכִּ֥יר וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אַל־ יִוָּדַ֔ע כִּי־ הָאִשָּׁ֖ה בָ֥אָה הַגֹּֽרֶן׃ wat·tiš·kaḇ mar·gə·lō·ṯå̄w ‘aḏ- hab·bō·qer wat·tā·qām biṭ·rōm ’îš ’eṯ- rê·‘ê·hū yak·kîr way·yō·mer ’al- yiw·wā·ḏa‘ kî- hā·’iš·šāh ḇā·’āh hag·gō·ren — WLC · 14
15
And he told her, “Bring the shawl you are wearing and hold it out.” When she [did so]…, he poured in six [measures] of barley and placed it on her. Then he went into the city.
𐤅𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤄𐤁𐤉 𐤄𐤌𐤈𐤐𐤇𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤊 𐤅𐤀𐤇𐤆𐤉 𐤁𐤄 𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤇𐤆 𐤁𐤄 𐤅𐤉𐤌𐤃 𐤔𐤔 𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤕 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤄 𐤅𐤉𐤁𐤀 𐤄𐤏𐤉𐤓
וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הָ֠בִי הַמִּטְפַּ֧חַת אֲשֶׁר־ עָלַ֛יִךְ וְאֶֽחֳזִי־ בָ֖הּ וַתֹּ֣אחֶז בָּ֑הּ וַיָּ֤מָד שֵׁשׁ־ שְׂעֹרִים֙ וַיָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔יהָ וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר׃ way·yō·mer hā·ḇî ham·miṭ·pa·ḥaṯ ’ă·šer- ‘ā·la·yiḵ wə·’e·ḥo·zî- ḇāh wat·tō·ḥez bāh way·yā·māḏ šêš- śə·‘ō·rîm way·yā·šeṯ ‘ā·le·hā way·yā·ḇō hā·‘îr — WLC · 15
16
When Ruth returned to her mother-in-law, Naomi asked her, “How did it go…, my daughter?” Then Ruth told her all that [Boaz] had done for her.
𐤅𐤕𐤁𐤅𐤀 𐤀𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤅𐤕𐤄 𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤌𐤉 𐤀𐤕 𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤅𐤕𐤂𐤃 𐤋𐤄 𐤀𐤕 𐤊𐤋 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤄𐤀𐤉𐤔 𐤏𐤔𐤄 𐤋𐤄
וַתָּבוֹא֙ אֶל־ חֲמוֹתָ֔הּ וַתֹּ֖אמֶר מִי־ אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י וַתַּ֨גֶּד־ לָ֔הּ אֵ֛ת כָּל־ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָאִֽישׁ׃ עָֽשָׂה־ לָ֖הּ wat·tā·ḇō·w ’el- ḥă·mō·w·ṯāh wat·tō·mer mî- ’at bit·tî wat·tag·geḏ- lāh ’êṯ kāl- ’ă·šer hā·’îš ‘ā·śāh- lāh — WLC · 16
17
And she said, “He gave me these six measures of barley, for he said, ‘Do not go back to your mother-in-law empty-handed.’”
𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤍𐤕𐤍 𐤋𐤉 𐤄𐤀𐤋𐤄 𐤔𐤔 𐤄𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤀𐤋 𐤕𐤁𐤅𐤀𐤉 𐤀𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤅𐤕𐤊 𐤓𐤉𐤒𐤌
וַתֹּ֕אמֶר נָ֣תַן לִ֑י הָאֵ֖לֶּה שֵׁשׁ־ הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים כִּ֚י אָמַ֣רֵַ֔ אַל־ תָּב֥וֹאִי אֶל־ חֲמוֹתֵֽךְ׃ רֵיקָ֖ם wat·tō·mer nā·ṯan lî hā·’êl·leh šêš- haś·śə·‘ō·rîm kî ʾå̄·ma·ra ’al- tā·ḇō·w·’î ’el- ḥă·mō·w·ṯêḵ rê·qām — WLC · 17
18
“Wait, my daughter,” said Naomi, “until you find out how things go, for he will not rest unless… he has resolved the matter today.”
𐤔𐤁𐤉 𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤅𐤕𐤀𐤌𐤓 𐤏𐤃 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤕𐤃𐤏𐤉𐤍 𐤀𐤉𐤊 𐤃𐤁𐤓 𐤉𐤐𐤋 𐤊𐤉 𐤄𐤀𐤉𐤔 𐤋𐤀 𐤉𐤔𐤒𐤈 𐤊𐤉 𐤀𐤌 𐤊𐤋𐤄 𐤄𐤃𐤁𐤓 𐤄𐤉𐤅𐤌
שְׁבִ֣י בִתִּ֔י וַתֹּ֙אמֶר֙ עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽדְעִ֔ין אֵ֖יךְ דָּבָ֑ר יִפֹּ֣ל כִּ֣י הָאִ֔ישׁ לֹ֤א יִשְׁקֹט֙ כִּֽי־ אִם־ כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר הַיּֽוֹם׃ šə·ḇî ḇit·tî wat·tō·mer ‘aḏ ’ă·šer tê·ḏə·‘în ’êḵ dā·ḇār yip·pōl kî hā·’îš lō yiš·qōṭ kî- ’im- kil·lāh had·dā·ḇār hay·yō·wm — WLC · 18